Environmental biotechnology and biosafety
BIOTECHNOLOGY AND THE PREVENTION OF ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS
IN THE FIELD PRODUCTION OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE
Dr. Ashok Kumar Panigrahi, Balasore.
technical question:
Genetic modification agricultural seed cotton, soybeans, corn, potato, rice and trees in the forest.
Prologue
The theme that covers all major macabre discussed throughout the world today is the invasion of good science, "biotechnology" to almost every corner of the biosphere and practice again bad science "thanotechnology" for each element of life and concern for accelerating the speed at the annihilation Total biosphere.It all started with a little known episode in 1980, U.S. Supreme Court decision in the case, Diamond vrs. Chakrabarty, where the highest court of the United States decided that biological life was legally patentable.
History
Anand Mohan Chakrabraty a microbiologist and an employee of General Electric Company (GE) has developed a type of bacteria can eat the hydrocarbons from oil spills. GE ran for a patent in 1971, which became established as life forms are not patentable. GE to court and won. In 1985, the U.S. Patent Office and Trademark Office (PTO) ruled that the Chakrabraty sentence could be extended to all plants, seeds and plant tissues or the whole plant kingdom.
USA WR Grace Company has obtained 50 U.S. patents in India Neem tree, which even included indigenous knowledge Patented Medicines Neem Products (since then stabilized, "biopiracy"). In 1988, the PTO granted a patent under animal teachers at Harvard, and Timothy A. Philip Lader Stewart, who had created a transgenic mouse that has genes from chicken and man. In 1991, the PTO patents for human stem cells and later human genes. Biocyte obtained a European patent on all umbilical cord cells from fetuses and newborns without the permission of the "donors". European Patent Office (EPO) has received requests from Baylor University to the patentability of the women had been genetically modified to produce proteins in GE mammary glands.
Baylor University in essence seeking a monopoly on human use of human mammary glands for the manufacture of pharmaceuticals. We also attempted to patent cells of indigenous peoples' blood Panama, Solomon Islands and Papua New Guinea. Within a decade, "Chakrabarty failure" of the United States Supreme Court has revolutionized research and development of biotechnology involving microbes to man led her to be called bad science "thanotechnology" in the following decade and hated worldwide. Biotechnology companies involved in biotech pharmaceuticals quickly moved to agriculture, was awarded the patent on seeds, buying small seed, destruction of seed stocks and replaced by genetically modified seeds. In the last decade, several companies have achieved a monopoly control over seeds in the world as vast as soybeans, corn and cotton (used in food processed using cottonseed oil). Consequently, nearly 2 / 3 rd. of processed foods showed some GM ingredient in.
However, even without any labeling, U.S. consumers concerned were aware of such a range of biotech food. Companies now know that concerned citizens to stay away from GM foods and organized to convince regulators not require labeled. Somewhat surprisingly bureaucratic risk assessors in the United States turned a blind eye to evil motives of biotechnology companies.
Point of interest
All genetic modifications are based on recombinant DNA technology. Today's society faces unprecedented challenges not only in the history of science, but of all life on earth. GE technology can benefit businesses Biotechnology focuses on the ability to reshape the living organisms, products of three billion years of evolution. In the words of Dr. George Wald, price Nobel (1967), Higgins Professor of Biology at Harvard University, "could pose new animal and plant diseases, new sources of epidemics of cancer and novel. "
Record
In 1989, dozens of Americans were killed and thousands were affected and partly due to the ingestion of a genetically engineered version of a food supplement L – tryptophan. A $ 2 billion has was paid by Showa Denko, Japan third. largest chemical company (Mayer and Gleich, 1994)
In 1996, Pioneer Hi-Bred splicing gene from Brazil nuts into soybeans. Some people are so allergic to this nut that come into apoplexy, which can cause death. Animal tests have confirmed the danger and the product was quickly withdrawn from the market before the death occurred. In the words of Marion Nestle, JD Nutrition, University New York, "the following case may be far from ideal and the less fortunate. "
In 1994, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved Monsanto r-BGH, a growth hormone injection GE cows to increase milk production, although experts warn that the increase of IGF-1, a potent chemical hormone, related to 400 – 500% higher risk of human breast cancer, prostate and colon cancer. According to Dr. Samuel Epstein, University of Chicago "induces the malignant transformation of human epithelial breast cells." Studies have confirmed the suspicion rats and damage to internal organs showed the ingestion of r-BGH. Even the FDA's own tests showed a mass increase of the spleen in 46% a state that is the prelude of "leukemia." The argument that the substance has been damaged by pasteurization canceled by scientists Monsanto Elasser two are Ted and Brian McBride, found that 19% of the hormone are destroyed after 30 minutes of boiling (pasteurization takes only 30 seconds.) While Canada, the European Union, Australia, New Zealand and even the UN Codex Alimentarius refusing to support the hormone GE, it is freely traded in the U.S. by Monsanto. It was found that two officials of the United States namely, Margaret Miller, Michael Taylor FDA in the U.S. Monsanto helped to pass the barrier of the r-BGH risk factors were used in Monsanto made earlier.
Several other GM products approved by the FDA involve known herbicides commonly known carcinogen, namely: – "bromoxiny'l used in Bt cotton, Monsanto's "Roundup" or glufosinate used in soybean transgenic corn and canola. Sharyn Martin, a researcher has examined a number of autoimmune diseases are enhanced by foreign DNA fragments that come with GM foods are not completely digested in the stomach and intestine of man. These DNA fragments absorbed by the mixture of blood in normal DNA recombination and therefore unpredictable. These DNA fragments were found in transgenic soybeans and other GM products on the market.
The fear factor
Professor Joe Cummins, Emeritus Professor of Genetics, University of Western Ontario, said: "virus-resistant crops have become the pillar industry biotechnology. These cultures are carrying foreign genes against viruses that are genetically designed to improve plants to withstand attacks viruses. Most fruits, vegetables and baby foods marketed in the U.S. are in this category. Lab. Experiments have shown that "the viral genes in GE foods can give rise to new viruses – more deadly than the virus that crops are protected," which is quite alarming.
In 1986, it was reported that plants genetically modified TMV genes that have delayed the development of the disease and this report opens the door for resistance to a range of other viruses. But the fact is that the production of viral coat protein in transgenic crops not block the virus enters the plant cell rather than the transgene is exposed to nucleic acids of many viruses to the plant by insects vectors. A series of test results are there to show that viruses plants can take a variety of viral genes from transgenic plants change in recombination.
For example,
* Mosaic virus defective color red was not the gene that lets you switch between cell to another and is not contagious, but is recombined with a copy of this gene in plants Nicotiana benthamiana GE, regenerates the infectious RCMVirus.
* GE Brassica napus and Nicotiana bigelovii contains "gen-vi", a
translation activator virus cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) which
recombined with the complementary part of a virus lacking this gene, and
produce new infectious virus in all plants genetically changed.
* N. benthamiana expressing a segment mottle virus cowpea chlorotic (VMAC) gene of the recombinant protein layer more often with the defective virus lacking this gene.
* N. benthamiana was transformed with different constructs containing the coat protein coding sequence of the virus of African cassava mosaic (ACMV). The transformed plants were inoculated with a deletion mutant envelope protein that induces CVMA mild systemic symptoms in control plants. Many of these plants inoculated transgenic lines developed severe systemic symptoms Typical recombination confirming CVMA had occurred between the mutant viral DNA and the DNA construct is integrated in the production of virus progeny recombines with a vengeance "wild type".
CaMV recombination, when and where?
CaMV 35 s promoter gene, the viral sequence is ubiquitous in all GM (GM) that are either already marketed or field trials in progress. This gene is required for all producers GM crops, because it stimulates the production of messages genes inserted gene to provide tolerance herbicide resistance insect pests, resistance to antibiotics and a series of functions that are planned to improve the quality of the commercial crop. In the absence this "gene promoter", the "gene inserted" inactive, while its presence in gene activity is maintained at a high level in all plant tissues, regardless of changing environmental conditions which significantly affect the activity of the native "promoters" of the crop.
The two events that occurred in 1999 led Professor Cummins and others independent scientists worldwide to draw attention to these alarming scientists diseases that can have devastating consequences. In fact, Professor Cummins in 1994 had questioned the environmental safety of the release of the CaMV s 35 genes in GM plants. data Experimental data indicate that the gene frequency of genetic recombination CaMV 35 s was much higher than those of other viruses. When recombinant CCMV was recovered from 3% of the sequences containing transgenic N. benthamiana VMAC, recombinant CaMV was recovered 36% of begelovii N. transgenics.
Event -1. Scientists from the John Innes Research Institute published a paper showing that his 35 CaMV recombination "Hot spots" of what is likely to break and re-associate with other materials of genetic resources may be other viruses.
Event-2. Dr Arpad Pusztai, a senior scientist working in the United Kingdom. funded Rowett Institute in Scotland has been dismissed from his job because he revealed the results of feeding trials, suggesting that GM potatoes were safe. The laboratory. Rats fed GM foods showed an increase in lymphocytes in the intestinal mucosa indicating damage to the intestine of nonspecific viral infection.
Scientists Mae-Wan Ho and Ryan Angel has published an article in October 1999 Issue of Microbial Ecology Journal of health and disease warning that the CaMV s 35 is interchangeable with promoters of other plant and animal viruses and promiscuity and function effectively in all plants, green algae, yeast and E. coli. Their recombination hotspot is flanked on multiple grounds, and is similar to other recombination hotspots such as Agrobacterium T-DNA vector, another gene The most widely used in the production of transgenic plants. Also claimed to have demonstrated in the laboratory. recombination between viral transgenes and infecting virus.
In an article published in the online journal of the European Union Food Research and Technology (2006) authors (Marit R. Myhre, et al. Al) reported have constructed expression vectors with the CaMV 35 s before encoding insert two "reporter genes" firefly luciferase and Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) respectively, and conducted transient transfection experiments in enterocytes of the man – like cell line Caco – 2 and found that 35 genes CaMV s drive expression of the two "reporter genes" significant levels.
Super virus
CaMV viral promoter genes of 35 s can be mixed with other genes, bacteria, viruses, and others, including retroviruses such as HIV and hepatitis B. CaMV is itself by retroviruses. With retro transposons found in all genomes of plants (which are mobile in nature) and a large amount of virus with the CaMV 35 S promoters, the possibility an original super virus is very true.
In a Canadian study, a plant infected by the virus of cucumber mosaic injured (CuMV) that lacked a gene needed to move between plant cells, the crippled CuMV activated in less than two weeks – proof the mixing of genes, which have gained around trigger if necessary – evidence of "horizontal gene transfer."
Protocol on Biosafety International signed by a majority of independent nations in Montreal in January 2000 will be useless if things continue to move in that direction.
Antibiotics threatens plants
Much of the genetic implantation uses a scoreboard to see where the gene goes into the cell. Corn plants GM used a gene for ampicillin resistance. The Royal Society has called for a ban of this marker, and threatening the use of antibiotics is essential.
Resurgence of infectious diseases
"The microbial ecology of health and disease," Journal reported in 1998 that genetic modification in food crops can result in a resurgence of infectious diseases. He cited If resistance to antibiotics, the formation of new strains of viruses known, decreased immunity the body through food, etc. dramatically changed that the benefits of transgenic genes. It also indicates the presence of horizontal gene transfer of transgenic DNA in bacteria. It cited the case of the bacteria in the mouth, pharynx and intestines are GM (viral) DNA domestic animals through their food that can pass easily to humans through milk and meat.
The increase in food allergies
The loss of biodiversity in our food has increased in parallel with the increase in food allergies. Case studies show that the cells of body mass and immune system seems to reject excess uniformity "of our
food. "Monsanto's own analysis of soybean resistant to glyphosate have shown the GM line contains 28% more Kuniz – trypsin inhibitor, a known allergen and the inhibitor of nutrients.
The decrease of Nutrition
A study by Dr. Marc Lappe in 1999 and published in the Journal of Medicinal Food "has shown that genetically modified foods are less nutrient levels – particularly compounds "phyto-estrogens, which protect the body against heart disease and cancer. A study on consumption Faba GM Vita, a Jewish family in soybean caused an increase in estrogen levels. This is alarming because it is used in baby foods. Milk from cows injected with r-BGH (GE GH) contains significantly higher levels of pus, bacteria and fat cells.
Food abnormal
At a some time after Monsanto announced it had found "unexpected gene fragments in Roundup Ready soybeans. It is well known that the modified protein is left in all genetically modified proteins ever consumed by mankind. ZPD own microbiologist Dr. Louis J. Pribyl had in 1992 warned that pleiotropic (unwanted and / or uncontrolled) effects occur in GE plants at frequencies Above 30% of known and unknown toxic substances, adverse changes in the levels of nutrients that farmers can go unnoticed. FDA Santiago also biotechnologist Marayanski warned against the lack of consensus among scientists from the FDA concerning the "identity" of GM foods modified compared to non-GM foods.
Environmental Impacts
The genetic changes were investigated in plants grown to increase production and reduce use of toxic agrochemicals. But nothing
could be further from the truth. Professor David Sales Ehrenfield, biology at Rutgers University did say: "What has emerged in the last decade, GM crops are increasing production of agrochemicals and nutrients food study dangerous private. Ontario (USA) Govt. also shown that the use of herbicides increased primarily due to GM crops.
soil toxicity
All GM crops are designed to withstand all kinds toxins such as herbicides and pesticides, etc., and these chemicals are sold by the same biotech companies that have developed over GM crops to increase their sales of agrochemicals. RJ Golburg scientists have long predicted that GM crops will triple sales of agrochemicals and during years is to be correct. According to U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 'chemical spraying Monsanto "Round-out' (a herbicide) that threatens already 74 species endangered to extinction in the United States. activities of other attacks by photosynthetic plants. Kane Malcolm (Former head of security for the food chain Sainsbury's Super Market) revealed that the U.S. government. to reflect Monsanto has raised the limits for pesticide residues in food than 6 ppm to 20 ppm. According to a study report published by the University of California, "glyphosate (active ingredient of the raid) was the third leading cause of illness in agricultural workers. At least 14 people were killed by ingestion of "Rodeo".
The soil infertility and pollution
In Oregon, scientists have found bacteria GM, Klebsiella planticola, led to agricultural waste to produce ethanol and the distribution of component waste material as compost – has provided the land barren. The elimination of essential soil nutrients such as nitrogen and killed the fungi to capture nitrogen. A similar result was also found with the GM bacteria, Rhizobium melitoli. Professor Guenther Stotzky of New York University has found that the same also eliminates the toxins that monarchs were released by the roots of GM plants and contaminated soils which lasted 18 months and the activity Soil microbial depressed. One study also showed that Oregon soil microbes killed GM wheat plants in the laboratory. added to the soil.
The loss of sovereignty seed
Some time ago 'Time' magazine U.S. refers to the trend of mass-producing companies large seed companies to buy small seeds, the destruction of their seed varieties and replacing it with their genetically modified seeds patented and check marks as "death of birth." These companies also bring GM seed farmers sign contracts not to keep Seeds – are losing their sovereign rights to the seeds.
Cons super weeds
It has been shown that transgenic endotoxins Bt are active in soil for up to 18 months (Marc Lappe and Britt Bailey) and can be transported on wild plants to create super weeds resistant parasites – and offset the balance of nature. Studies in the UK (National Institute of Agricultural Botany) and Denmark (Mikkelsen, 1996) have shown great growth weeds nearby, in a single generation. American Studies and the United Kingdom have also shown that super-resistant weeds glufosinate (herbicide). Another study conducted in the U.S. showed 20 times more genetic leakage of GM crops by transfer horizontal gene. A French study found that GM canola could transfer genes of wild radish. According to the New Scientists ", a farmer in Alberta, Canada between 1997 and 1999, three different fields planted with genetically modified canola seeds herbs to produce just three different mutants that were resistant to Monsanto's Round-up Pursuit ', Cyanamid, Aventis and "freedom" all herbicides owners.
GE super trees, biodiversity loss and ecosystem collapse
Super GM trees are developed to withstand high doses of herbicide spraying in the air to kill all life, except around transgenic trees. These trees are for the Most non-flowering and sterile. Monsanto still breathing super trees leaves toxic chemicals to kill the caterpillars, not only, but all the insects that visit. In 2002, China has planted millions of trees super "Poplar" to fight against deforestation, the creation of monoculture forests. The toxin-free trees flowers oozing end to the elimination of all flights of insects (bees and butterflies including) the reduction of the insect world of book lice and earwigs. Plantings will not only cause the collapse of the forest ecosystem that covers fungi, insects, earthworms, birds and mammals, but also lead to genetic pollution by intensive gene flow of transgenes into wild and affect health and feed. We present a case study of transgene flow and introgression of transgenes into the wild of the cultures (JR Reichman and Watrud LS, Molecular Ecology, 2006) can be cited which established the existence of transgenic plants in the wild in Oregon, USA. The case concerns glyphosate – resistant "Bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera L.) expressing CP4 EPSPS gene from Agrobacterium spp. Strain CP4 that confers resistance to glyphosate herbicide transgene found in agricultural habitats not outside of experimental plots in central Oregon study.
Super Pest
Lab. Evidence suggests the bollworm in cotton, a common pest resistance to Bt sprays get. The stink bug outbreak in North Carolina and Georgia are suspected to be related to genetically modified plants, added by the plague. Monsanto GE recommends one spray worst chemicals, methyl parathion to fight against the pest. GM Bt cotton and other non-GM crops in the United States, India and other countries mainly due to pest problems, in addition to their desired output and the expected failures. Bt cotton has been designed to kill your worm plagues like America, the pink worm and worm outbreak, but ended in the elimination of natural predators of pests and parasites transformed these pests great.
Beneficial Insects Kill
Several field studies have shown that transgenic products kill beneficial insects as larvae Monarch Butterfly (Cornell, 1999). Bt crops killed lacewings that are natural predators to cotton. Bees die when they feed on proteins in GM oilseed rape flowers and flowers of Bt cotton
Toxic to mammals
Genetically modified potatoes are with Snowdrop plant DNA with the viral promoter (CaMV 35 s) was found to be toxic to mammals (including rats) to damage vital organs and the immune system. Science has since required that all GM products CaMV – 35 gene promoter to be withdrawn from commercial production.
Pollution Genetic
Some GM crops without flowers, but not all. GM pollen by wind, rain, birds, bees and other insects, fungi and bacteria causesevere genetic contamination. pollen from GM canola, rapeseed and cotton GE Bt can move several hundred meters and do not pollute modified varieties genetically, as well as wild, even across species barriers that cause horizontal gene transfer. It is postulated that promoter ubiquitous CaMV 35 s, in fact, improve
horizontal gene transfer and recombination.
A U.S. study showed that 50% Straw berries growing within 50 meters of straw berry GM GM acquired genetic markers and another study showed 25-38% of wild sunflowers growing near GM crops had GM gene markers. Similar studies in Germany in respect of the breach of seed oil GE and Thailand on Bt cotton have confirmed U.S. findings.
A study in England showed that planting of GM contaminated small wild honey
meaning that the bees carried pollen GM and organic plantations
nature, which should show the transgenic elements in them.
A new revolution in the "blue revolution" in aquaculture is booming
The commercial fish such as salmon, trout and catfish are genetically
modified to grow rapidly in size (up to 39 X). This, in turn, own
cousins in the wild. There are no regulations for the safety of non-GM and
native biodiversity and wildlife from now.
Decline and Destruction family farms and small landowners
United States, employed population in agriculture was 60% in 1850, 4% in 1950 and today less than 2%. In 1935, there were 7 million farms which now stands at less than $ 2,000,000. More or less similar declines have occurred throughout the world. But the fact remains that these family farmers and landowners to produce little more than 60% of our food. This decline is rooted in the new GATT – WTO. Economic power and the legislature have been taken by the new agricultural enterprises through the GATT – WTO-dominated world order. Promotion of genetically modified foods is the case of these farms. Many indigenous varieties of rice on the numbering thousands were lost in India through two agricultural revolutions. The new world order 1,00,000 can break traditional vanilla farmers in Madagascar and Comoros, through vanilla GM lakh cane growers in several fructose Third World by GE. Sudan has lost much of its export of gum arabic. A conservative estimate puts the figure at least $ 14000000000 synthetic substitutes for natural, agricultural in the Third World. There are attempts to produce food in large laboratories by eliminating the need for seeds, soil and even plants and moving the task of food production in communities Rural Laboratories GE.
Control and dependence
Terminator technology: –
GM seed companies were guaranteed by the legislation that farmers would not be allowed to save and exchange seeds patented. To enable farmers in seed collection and storage of seed who developed and implemented a technology, widely known as "terminator technology to ensure that the seeds become sterile after harvest. These seeds contain "suicide" gene in both male and female lines. Male infertility is caused by a gene (U.S. Patent No. 5,750,867 owned by Aventis) of a bacterium called Bacillus barnase amyloliquefeciens "that encodes a ribonuclease that pollen causes" death "in the absence cell of pollen meiosis to halve their chromosome. In addition, a pollen-lethal gene is used which is also expressed at the end of the development male flowers in the pollen cells after meiosis, preventing the pollen is formed. The female sterility gene (U.S. Patent No. 5633441 owned by Aventis) is linked to a selectable marker gene with its own promoter, so that the female sterile plants to be selected. Terminator genes, and barnase, including papain active protein or the A-fragment of diphtheria toxin, the genes are gene markers used resistance to a herbicide or a gene conferring resistance to diseases and insects, for glucuronidase GUS gene or a gene encoding an endotoxin Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). The main problem associated with the process of using different genetic constructs is that there will be large number of genes that are coded and integrated genetic engineering can not control their integration or multiplication, in turn, multiplies the uncertainties and vagaries of transgenic crops. Many of the genes used in production of transgenic crops and Terminator recombinase and lethal genes are harmful to cells such as mammalian cells. Recombination because non-specific recombinase in places that cause large-scale Redesign of the genome (ISIS 7 / 8). In addition, GM synthetic genes and other structures can spread horizontal transfer of genes to species non-relatives who can not be controlled. This will cause large scale destruction of existing biodiversity, but evolved in nature by the forces of evolution.
Traitor technology: –
This is another patented bad launched by the modern agro certain genetically that have changed technologically controlled stages of its life cycle – when the leaf, flower and fruit – the influence of certain chemicals triggers. Therefore, a farmer is required to use these chemicals if he / she is the return of a culture that pushes / her at higher deep economic dependence or high debt.
Less diversity, quality, quantity and profits
The hopes most misleading raised by GM technology companies is that only GM crops will solve world hunger. Studies worldwide have shown beyond any monoculture doubt that every culture has always all yields per acre less than in various intercropping – Seeds of intercropping between different ranks near or in different parcels in the same area. In a study of 8,200 field trials, Roundup Ready soybeans produced less bushels of soybeans that GM's cousin (Charles Benbrook, former director of the Council of Agriculture, the National Academy of Sciences). The average yield of non-GM soy amended was 51.21 bushels per acre, for the GM variety was 49.26. This was reconfirmed in a study by the Institute University of Nebraska Agriculture. Five different strains of Monsanto soybean was sown in four different places of environments various soil types. Mr. Elmore noted that, on average, more expensive genetically modified seeds produced 6% less than non-GM varieties and 11% less than conventional crops perform well. Although the yield was higher cost (Bt cotton in field studies in the United States.) seed and fertilizer used decreased significantly the contribution of the network which reduces the cost-benefit depleted (B, C) The rate more. Agronomy, cost-benefit is of paramount importance that sustainability means for farmers. A decrease in the B: C ratio indicates deterioration of the economy of farmers who do not profit and can not continue for long, for example agriculture.
Fragility Agriculture's future: –
The loss of agricultural biodiversity, agriculture makes them fragile. If Irish famine of 1840 is an example Clearly the important factor of the diversity of cultures. When Irish farmers grow several varieties, Peruvian farmers there were thousands of varieties and this diversity provided the blight resistance constant appeal to the potato. In the recent past, a situation similar occurred in Russia, where a more virulent strain – blight – Potato threatened Russian general with the ability to withstand the rigors of winter Russian. citrus blight cancer threat U.S. $ 8.5 billion citrus industry in Florida in 2000. mono coca plants grown and almost all identical, are also endangered by an international scourge. Therefore, destruction rather than conservation of stocks of the diverse cultures of GM seed companies Agri create a very dangerous situation and the future of agriculture is very fragile.
More pesticides and diminishing returns: –
Contrary to the assertions height field studies show that GM companies the best of organic farming techniques – using rich natural resources can still produce hardier crops with higher yields and B: C rating that GM crops. genetically modified Over the years, repeatedly asked biocides 2-5 pounds per acre than the varieties of non-GM crops, leading to drastic changes in the environment.
Economic, political and social factor
The monopolization of food production: –
There are about 1,500 seed companies world wide, but a dozen of these control 50% of world commercial seed. Large firms buy companies, smaller seeds and market their faith underground. For 2000, five companies controlled 40% of the soybean seed market, three companies control 90% of the seeds Corn, two companies control 75% of cotton seed market and thus the decline of the company and increase the monopoly control market. Face the new rules of the GATT-WTO, not only the number of rural families are much lower, but the annual net farm income. The average annual income of small family farms in the USA / Europe collapsed in the last decade to provide families survive below the poverty line.
Impact of food dependency: –
When food production is monopolized, the future of their supply becomes dependent on decisions a small number of firms and their seed stocks effectively. Crop diversity is declining – lost in the developed world process and is in third world countries, except for some pockets – like the potato in Peru and rice varieties in India, especially in the Third World. Food scientists indicate that if the indigenous territories are more concerned about the progress of biotechnology, vitality Long-term set of the global food supply is lost forever.
The big biotechnology companies and agribusiness Agro, 1999.
Total companies
Agribusiness Sales Seed Sales
Production Ranking (overall) Agro-
Ranking of sales of products Chemicals (global) pharmaceutical
Turnover (his
original business.) Research and
Development Investment
"Life Sciences Group A (mainly related to the genetic modification of different cultures
plants)
Aventis 20.5 billion USD $ 4600000000 n / a $ 1 $ 13,900,000,000 3,000,000,000
Novartis
(Syngenta) $ 4.4 USD 20.3 billion in March 2,000,000,000 2,200,000,000 $ 9,800,000,000 $
Monsanto (98) $ 4,000,000,000 $ 8,600,000,000 $ 2,800,000,000 March 2 $ 1,300,000,000
Astra Zeneca
(Syngenta) 18.4 million $ 2.7 billion on 5 June $ 2,900,000,000 $ 14,800,000,000
"Industrial Science" B. Group (involved mainly in the production of various
Agricole)
Bayer 27 billion U.S. $ 3.1 billion n / 6 $ 5,000,000,000 $ 2,100,000,000
DuPont $ 26.9 billion U.S. $ 3 billion U.S. April 1st $ 1.6 billion $ 1.6 billion
Dow 18,900,000,000 $ 2,300,000,000 $ 0,850,000,000 —— —— dollars in August
BASF $ $ 29500000000 $ 9 —— 1.7 billion $ 2,500,000,000 $ 1,300,000
Biocolonisation: –
Colonization in the past has been armed by the technologically superiors. However, the new weapon in the hands of a few major powers is an organic and GM crops. When a person becomes self-sufficiency entangled in food dependency. Therefore, farmers in India 5,00,000 warning launched a protest against the new GATT agreement in 1993 and are now opposed to genetically modified seeds, genetically modified agricultural products. Recently, the European Communities launched the Slow Food movement, which is growing into a global movement, primarily designed to halt GM crops continue to reduce biodiversity and
indigenous knowledge on farming techniques, biodiversity based ecological agriculture.
Dependence and slavery: –
The new regulations came in the new world order, the GATT – WTO, etc., the autonomy of the economy locality may be entirely replaced. Foreign companies can buy and own all local businesses, seeds, water and soil natural resources, making effective exported resulting dependence of the local economy and slavery.
Whence the future takes us?
Long ago, Descartes postulated that space can be universally
or infinitely separated. There is no time came with the famous Einstein formula E = mc2, which led to the destruction of two Japanese cities at the end of the Second World War. Now is the time of genetic engineering or genetic manipulation, recombinant DNA technology, the introduction of foreign DNA – Promoters and marker – Genetic modification of all life forms – not for the good of humanity, but to make money using thanotechnology bad. general feeling prevails destroy or limit nuclear weapons once owned by the two superpowers. But the madness is spreading faster than applications of recombinant DNA technology in the world living their lives in danger. Is this a Cartesian approach in a different way?
Better safe than sorry?
In response to the rapid evolution of genetic engineering and
Application forms of life, the Protocol Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety was negotiated and entered into force from September 2003. Protocol
establishment of a regime governing international movement of genetically modified
aim to protect global biodiversity against the adverse effects of GMOs. The
The WTO covers trade in GMOs, ie has a different purpose, to avoid
restrictions on free movement GMOs. Therefore, the protocol in one direction
conflict with the WTO. Therefore, the harmonization of these agreements is
desirable. The idea is that the protocol used by the WTO as
proof of internationally recognized standards regarding GMOs. But
WTO unlikely to accept the proposal. Is there a solution?
In 1999, approximately 28 million hectares of GM crops in plantations throughout the world on the grounds that they were parasites, disease resistance and provide enough food to end hunger.
The other perspective is that these cultures were released without sufficient evidence, questioning its long-term security in respect of rights and the environment.
World governments have been the dilemma, whether to permit a decision is likely to strongly influenced by the bureaucrats for lack of consensus Scientific enough on the issue of threat to the biological world.
On the basis of the Convention on Biological Diversity, the Cartagena Protocol, which entered in effect from 11 September 2003 introduced a system which deals with international movement of all living modified organisms (LMOs), including GMOs and other bodies created by the fusion of cells from different taxonomic categories – in accordance with the precautionary principle.
Protocol to apply to both categories of LMOs: –
1. LMOs intended for release into the environment, such as fish, plants and
seeds covered, etc. operating segments.
2. LMOs intended for food or feed or processing, such as cereals,
soy milk, etc.
All agencies that are pharmaceuticals for humans are excluded from the protocol
which was challenged by the States of the European Union but the U.S. vetoed the objection.
Under the Protocol, trade in LMOs with non-parties (like the U.S.) should be conducted in the same So, with the parties.
Articles 7-12 of the Protocol, the prior informed consent (AIA) describes as its backbone requires an exporting country to obtain the consent of the importing country before shipping LMOs for the first time in life by informing their national authorities. The importing country must acknowledge receipt of the notification and decide whether or not the item within a specified period. Under the protocol, a risk assessment must be conducted for all decisions taken in As part of the acceptance of shipments of LMOs. A party may accept delivery of certain conditions, prohibit the import or export demand additional. The protocol also provides a "safe clearing of biotechnology at home" for the importing country should inform its decision on the import of a particular LMO within 270 days after the initial notification. However, under the Protocol to the absence of notification does not imply consent.
The United States, although not a party to the Protocol has had a considerable influence on the scope of the Protocol through participation negotiations. His intention was to ensure that the Protocol had limited effect as far as possible in order to protect American industry biotechnology. The main objective of the United States was to make the subordinate the Protocol to WTO rules for international trade of GMOs would not interrupted.
Therefore the participation of the United States, the 135 member countries will soon be divided into two groups viz. Like-Minded Group " especially developing countries, except Argentina, Chile and Uruguay and the "Miami Group", including countries like Australia, Argentina, Chile, Uruguay and the United States, exporters and importers of GMOs. Miami group for a low protocol can not stop international trade of GMOs.
United States has continually sought the issue of trade in GMOs changed the mandate of the WTO. Only the lack of EU support European forced the WTO to resolve the issue of reduction of GMOs, which in turn provided more weight to the Protocol.
The insistence U.S. draft protocol contains a "safeguard clause" in the "preamble" not the "failure" and the U.S. under paragraph 2 and ignoring the claims, third paragraph, the treaty does not alter the rights and obligations of governments under WTO rules.
Any conflict between the Protocol and the WTO will likely be submitted to the WTO Dispute Panel, the dispute if a party has not signed the agreement of the environment (such as USA). For example, if India, acting in accordance with the Protocol prohibits the importation OMG some of the United States, the United States may bring the dispute before the WTO panel disputes alleging that India had violated the WTO rules and in this case, the result can be predicted that function well and the Dispute Settlement Body is to interpret the WTO agreement and not the protocol.
Therefore, the question – Is it better to be safe than sorry? And the answer is perhaps "Sorry, it might be too late." We are halfway through globalization. We already decided our fate by legislation and policy decisions that maybe we can not go back. However, we have enough of biodiversity, we must maintain, without any how and at what cost.
About the Author
Author is an avid natrure analyst,has worked on & written books,research papers and short & large articles on several aspects of the nature such as farming,forest,food and water etc.
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