Timeline of diving technology
Preindustrial
Centuries before Christ (relief made at this time show Assyrian soldiers crossing rivers using inflated goat fleet. Several modern writers have inaccurately floating oil is set to breathe and show frogmen in action.)
Ancient Roman and Greek, etc: There have been many cases of swimming and diving men for combat, but always have had to hold their breath, and had no diving equipment, except sometimes a hollow plant stem used as a snorkel. See this link (in Portuguese).
About 500 a. C.: (Information originally from Herodotus): During a campaign was carried Scyllis Greek naval vessel aboard as a prisoner by the Persian King Xerxes I. When Scyllis learned that Xerxes was to attack a Greek flotilla, he took a knife and jumped overboard. The Persians could not find in the water and presumed drowned. Scyllis surface at night and makes his way through all the ships in Xerxes's fleet, cutting each ship its moorings, which used a hollow reed as snorkel to go unnoticed. Then he swam nine miles (15 km) to join the Greeks in the Artemision out.
The use of diving bells is recorded by the philosopher Greek Aristotle in the fourth century before Christ: "… to allow divers to breathe and dropping a pot, because it is filled with water, but hold air, and who is forced into the water. "
1300 or earlier: Persian divers were using diving goggles with windows in the outer layer of the shiny shell.
Century 15: Leonardo da Vinci, where the first known mention of air tanks in Italy: he wrote in his Atlantic Codex (Biblioteca Ambrosiana, Milan) that systems have been used at that time artificially breathe under water, but not explained in detail because of what he described as "Bad human nature" which used this technique to sink ships and even commit murder. Some designs, however, showed different types breathing tube and an air tank (made in the breast) that presumably should not have external connections. Other drawings show a dive kit complete with a diving suit, which included a kind of mask with a can of air. The project was so detailed that it includes a urine collector, too.
1531: Guglielmo Lorena dives on two of Caligula's sunken galleys with a diving bell from a design by Leonardo da Vinci.
1616: Franz Kessler built a diving bell improvement.
Towards 1620: Cornelius Drebbel perhaps made an oil recycler, see history rebreathers rebreather.
1650: Otto von Guericke built the first air pump.
1772: Sir Freminet tried to build an underwater camera in a barrel, but died from lack of oxygen after 20 minutes, with only recycled the exhaled air untreated.
1776: David Bushnell invented the Turtle, the first submarine to attack another ship. It was used in the American Revolution.
Century 19
1800: Robert Fulton builds a submarine "Nautilus"
diving helmets appear
1808: Brize-Fradin has designed a helmet on a small bell attached to a tank, the low air pressure back.
1820: Paul Lemaire Augerville (a Parisian dentist) invented and manufactured a device Diving with a copper cylinder in the back, and a lung-cons to keep the air, and an inflatable life vest attached. It was used until 15 or 20 meters at a time in the recovery work. Started a company successful rescue.
1825: William H. James designed a diving suit that had compressed air contained in an iron container around the waist.
1827: Beaudouin in France developed a diving helmet powered by a compressed air cylinder 80 to 100 bar. The French navy is concerned, but none of it.
1829: Charles Anthony Deane and John Deane of Whitstable in Kent, England design first pumped aircraft diving helmet for use with a wetsuit. It says the idea started from a platform full emergency fire water pump (used as an air pump) and a knight in armor helmet used to try to save the horses a stable recording. Others say it was based on earlier work in 1823 the development of a headset "Smoke." However, the prosecution has not been attached to the hull, so a diver could not bend over or invest without risk of flooding the helmet and drowning. However, the diving system is used in salvage work, including the successful removal of the gun warship HMS Royal George in 1834-1835. This warship of 108 guns sank in 65 feet of water in the Spithead mooring in 1783.
1829: EKGauzen, a naval technician Russian naval base of Kronstadt (a suburb of St. Petersburg), offers a "diving machine." His invention was an air-pumped metallic helmet attached to a leather suit (An assembly). The hull bottom is open. The helmet is attached to the leather suit with a metal tape. Gauzens suit and other changes have been used by the Russian Navy until 1880. The modified diving suit Russian Navy, based on the Gauzens invention, was known as "three-bolts equipment."
1837: After studying Leonardo da Vinci, and Halley, the astronomer, Augustus Siebe develops diving, a sort of surface supplied diving.
In 1837, laying down the Deane brothers to trial helmet, Augustus Siebe Siebe develops the "closed" tuxedo suit and diving helmet, considered the foundation modern diving. There was a significant change in previous models "open" dress that has not helped reverse a diver. (Siebe Gorman, then, for the manufacture helmets at all times until 1975).
The first diving regulator
1838: Dr. Manuel Guillaumet demand regulator invented a double pipe. It has been shown used as a surface application. duration of use was limited to 30 minutes by immersion in water cold without a wetsuit.
1839 Canadian inventors and Eliot James Alexander McAvity of Saint John, New Brunswick patent "tank oxygen for the divers, "wearing a device on the plunger again that contained" a quantity of oxygen gas condensate or common atmospheric air is proportional the depth of water and appropriate in the moment is to stay below. "
1839: WHThornthwaite Hoxton, London patented a pneumatic lift vest for divers.
Around 1842: The Frenchman Joseph Cabirol begins to dive.
1843: On the basis of lessons learned from recovery Royal George, the diving school was established first by the Royal Navy.
1849: Saint-Simon-Sicard (chemical) recycling company is the oxygen in the first practice. It has been shown in London in 1854.
1856: Wilhelm Bauer starts the first of 133 successful dives with his second submarine Seeteufel. The crew consisted of 12 to leave the ship submerged in a chamber diving.
1860: Juan Luppi, a retired engineer from the Navy Austro-Hungarian sample design to a self-propelled torpedo Emperor Franz Joseph.
1863: HL Hunley becomes the first submarine to sink a ship, the USS Housatonic during the Civil War.
Diving and Denayrouze Rouquayrol established the air rescue tank barrel on the diver's back
1865: Benedict Auguste Denayrouze Rouquayrol and design of a set Diving with a new ball of air supplied by air through the known demand regulator first. The diver still walking the bottom of the sea and swim. This set is called arophore (Greek for "carrier"). However, air pressure tanks made with the technology of the day could be 30 atmospheres, and the diver had to be the surface, the deposit was for the rescue. The periods of 6 to 8 hours a tankful without external power supply for all Rouquayrol recorded in the book Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea by Jules Verne are tremendously exaggerated fiction. A Judging by the failed attempts of Jules Verne in the book to describe how Rouquayrol worked together, how is the regulator of the application does not know or had forgotten when he wrote the book, which was published in 1870. But Jules Verne knew about the tendency of some divers, when the rain-coated, please stay under water for keep the rain.
1866: Minenschiff, the first self-propelled (locomotive) torpedo, developed by Robert Whitehead (to a design by Captain Luppis, Austria Marina) is shown by the Committee of the Imperial Navy on 21 December.
Gas and air cylinders seems
Late 19 th century: the industry is starting to be able to take the high pressure air and gas cylinders. That prompted a few inventors plus years in the design open-circuit compressed air breathing sets, but all were at a constant speed, and the controller of the application for refund is not before 1939.
1876: An English merchant seaman, Henry Fleuss, developed the first viable platform for diving using compressed oxygen. This prototype submarine cable loop uses soaked in caustic potash to absorb carbon dioxide exhaled air can breathe.
1893: Louis Bhutan invented the first underwater camera.
Decompression sickness is a problem
1841: The first documented case of decompression sickness occurs, reported by a mining engineer who observed cramps and muscle pain in miners working in the pits mining air pressure to prevent water from d '.
1870: Bauer publishes the results of 25 workers paralyzed drawer.
From 1870 until 1910 all the main symptoms and causes are established: an explanation at the time included: cold or exhaustion causing damage to the spinal spinal reflex, electricity caused by friction in compression, or caused the immobilization of organs and vascular congestion relief.
1871: The Bridge of San Luis Eads employs 352 employees in the air with Dr. Alfonso Jaminet the physician. There were 30 serious injuries and 12 deaths. The gentleman suffered Jaminet A case of decompression sickness when he rose to the surface in four minutes after spending nearly three hours at a depth of 95 feet on a box, and description their own experience was first class recorded.
1872: The similarity between decompression illness and iatrogenic gas embolism and the relationship between inadequate decompression and decompression sickness was observed by Friedburg. Suggested that intravascular gas was released by Fast Decompression and recommended: slow compression and decompression, four hour shifts, limited to a maximum depth of 44.1 psig (4 ATA) using only health workers and recompression treatment for severe cases.
1873: Dr. Andrew Smith used first disease "boxes", a term which describes 110 cases of decompression sickness as the physician in charge during construction of the Brooklyn Bridge. The project employs 600 workers in compressed air. treatment recompression was not used. The project chief engineer Washington Roebling suffered from the disease cases. (He took over his father John Augustus Roebling died of tetanus.) Washington Man, Emily, helped manage the construction of the bridge after his illness was confined to his home in Brooklyn. He fought against the effects of the disease for the rest of his life. During this project, decompression sickness became known as "The Bends [Greek]" because people with back arched feature: can be thought of women fashion dance maneuver known as the Greek loop.
1878: Paul Bert publishes barometric pressure, provides the first systematic understanding of the causes of decompression sickness.
Century 20
1900: John P. Holland built the first submarine to be formally commissioned by the United States Navy, the Netherlands (also called A-1).
1900: Leonard Hill # # uses a frog to demonstrate that decompression bubbles and that recompression resolves.
1903: Siebe Gorman begins to make a submarine escape set in England in the years after it was updated and was later called Davis Davis underwater exhaust or apparatus escape.
1905 Various sources, including the U.S. 1991 Manual of Navy Diving (p. 1-8), the condition that the MK V Deep Sea diving suit was designed by the Office of Construction and Repair in 1905, but actually 1905 Manual British Navy shows Siebe Gorman helmets in use. From namely MK V first is dated 1916, these sources are probably referring to the first MK I, MK II, MK III and MK IV Morse and Schrader helmets.
1905: The first measurement recycler control valves is oxygen.
1907: Draeger is a recycling company Lübeck Retter called U-Boot. = "Lifeguard" Submarine.
1908: # # Arthur Boycott, Damant and John Haldane Guybon published "The Prevention of Compressed-air disease, detailed studies on the causes and symptoms of decompression sickness, and propose a decompression table to avoid effects.
1908: # # The Admiralty Committee takes deep dive tables for the Royal Navy Haldane, and Haldane post dive tables for the general public.
1912: # # U.S. adopts Navy decompression tables published by Haldane, Boycott and Damant. Powered by the Chief Gunner George Stillson, the Navy is implementing a program to test the decompression tables and staging based on the work of Haldane.
1913 The Navy begins developing the future MK V is also influenced by the drawings Schrader and Morse.
1915 The submarine USS F-4 was recovered of 304 meters to establish the practical limits of air diving. Three divers from the U.S. Navy, Frank W. Crilley, William F. Loughman, and Nielson, reached 304 workers sex with the MK V dress
1916 with the addition of a phone's battery, the design of the MK V is completed, however, several design improvements that make others in the next two years.
1916: The Draeger model DM 2 becomes standard equipment German Navy.
1917 The Office of Construction & Repair introduced the MK V helmet and dress, which became the standard for diving U.S. Navy until the introduction of the MK 12 in the sixties
1918: Ohgushi (it's Japanese) Patent Ohgushi breathe without equal. It was a steady stream of diving and industrial open-circuit breathing set. The user breathing through the nose and turned on the air in and out with his teeth.
Towards 1920: Hanseatisches Apparatebau-Gesellschaft to a respirator double lever valve 2-cylinder demand scenario and a large tube with corrugated breathing nozzle and valve "duckbill" breathe in the controller. Described in a manual rescue in the mines in 1930. They were the successors of Ludwig von Bremen, Kiel, which was licensed to drive Rouquayrol Denayrouze Germany.
1924 Yves Le Prieur invented a hand-operated self-contained underwater breathing. Made the air pressure without constant demand regulator. First experimented with her in 1926.
1926: Draeger demonstrated a rescue breathing apparatus that the user can swim. While previous devices, I used to go the surface and were designed to develop lift so that the user has come to the surface without swimming movements, all Diving had a weight, which also allowed him to dive, search and rescue after an accident.
1937: U.S. Marina publishes revised dive tables based on the work of OD Yarbrough.
underwater swimming begins
The 1930's:
In France, Guy Gilpatrick begins to swim goggles, swimming goggles (which was originally intended to keep the salt water on the surface of the eye).
Sport spearfishing became common in the Mediterranean, and bait phased casting the diving mask and fins and snorkel sports city, most of the time with George Beuchat in Marseille, France, who created the weapon and suit first and start the Italian fishing has started using oxygen rebreathers. This practice has attracted the attention of the Italian Navy, which developed its frogman unit Decima MAS Flottiglia using oxygen rebreathers and equipped with torpedoes, play an important role in the Second World War.
1933:
In France, Louis N. patent Palma phaeopus swim first.
Scratch Win In San Diego, California, the first sport diving club started, called Baja. In so far as is known, he did not use breathing sets, its main objective was spearfishing.
More is known about Yves Le Prieur steady stream of open-circuit breathing set. They say it could allow a stay of 20 minutes to 7 meters and 15 meters in 15 minutes. It has a cylinder power in a full face mask facial mask circular. Its air cylinder was often carried at an angle to get its on / off the fingertips of the plunger, which would have caused an awkward tilt drag in swimming.
1934:
In France, the implementation of Beuchat, the oldest diving and deep sea fishing company in the world
In France, a diving club is introduced, called the Underwater Club. He did not use breathing sets as known. Its main objective was fishing underwater.
Otis Barton and William Beebe dive to 3,028 meters using a bathysphere.
1935: La Marina Prieto French group takes the breath.
1936: On the Riviera, the first diving club known begun. Le Prieur breathing is whole.
1937: The American Diving and Salvage Company (now known as DESCO) develops a dive suit bulk rate from the bottom up with a self-helium mixed gas and oxygen rebreather.
1937: # # U.S. Navy publishes revised version dive tables based on the work of OD Yarbrough.
1939: Hans Hass developed from joint evasion a type of air circulation with your bag in the back and two breathing tubes but no backpack case. These games are very similar in their films and books.
1954: Underwater Hockey (Underwater) is invented by the Navy for four divers underwater in the South Seas bored swimming up and down and I wanted a way fun to stay in shape.
The diving regulator reappears
1937: George Commeinhes has developed a device with two cylinders open-circuit demand regulator. The regulator was a big rectangular box between cylinders. Some did, but the Second World War interrupted development.
World War II
1939: George Commeinhes offers breathing became the French navy could not continue, as used in development because of World War II.
July 1943: Commeinhes reached 53 meters (about 174 feet) with breathing off the coast of Marseille.
1944: Commeinhes died for the liberation of Strasbourg in Alsace. His invention was submerged by Cousteau's invention.
J. Christian U.S. Lamberts designed an 'autonomous underwater breathing apparatus of oxygen to the U.S. Army. It has been a recycling center. It was the first unit to be known as diving.
Several countries use frogmen equipped with some acts of war recyclers best known and most spectacular show human torpedoes.
Hans Hass, said later that during the Second World War the German team offered him a scuba diving open circuit Drger conjunction with a demand regulator. Can there was a separate invention, or may have been copied from a type Commeinhes making together.
1943: Jacques-Yves Cousteau and Emile Gagnan invent and take a breath open circuit diving, the regulator Gagnan demand modification of a demand regulator can leave a gasoline engine car running in a big bag of coal-gas transported on the roof in case of a gas shortage in wartime. Cousteau had his first dives with it. He made two diving gear plus: there are now three, one for each Cousteau and his companions first and Diving Trim Frederic Dumas. Your scuba was kept secret until the south of France was liberated. This type of respirator later the name of "Aqua-Lung." This word is properly a business name that accompanies the Cousteau-Gagnan patent, but in Great Britain, was commonly used as a generic type "Aqualung" at least since the 1950's, including publications and manuals BSAC training, and the description of diving as aqualunging.
Early 1944: U.S. government to help prevent than men to be embedded in Army tanks then asked the company Mine Safety Appliances (MSA) for a suitable small rescue breathing together. MSA has provided a little breathing open circuit with a small air cylinder (7.5 liters), a demand regulator with a circular design of two levers as Cousteau (connected to the cylinder by a nut and the cone of the nipple), and a corrugated breathing tube wide connected a mouthpiece. This set has been found to make made from off the shelf "items, indicating that MSA was only control before conception, so that the driver was seen as the result of development and not a prototype, could have been born around 1943. In one example recovered in 2003 to form a Sherman tank submerged in the bay of Naples, the cylinder is spent around the tape and attached to a lifejacket. These sets have been too late for the D-Day landings in June 1944 but were used during the invasion South of France and the South Pacific War.
1944: In October, Frederic Dumas reached 62 meters (200 feet) with a Cousteau Aqualung.
1945: first SCUBA Cousteau is ruined by poor artillery shells aimed at an Allied landing on the Riviera, who made two. Later, he met more diving and more men and taught them to suit. In Toulon started an informal demining unit release. Later this unit became official. One of the men he trained Broussard, who founded the first scuba diving club of the war, the Club Alpin Sous-Marin.
After the war
The first hearing was full of frogmen.
The first diving club known in Britain, "The Club amphibians, is formed in Aberdeen by Ivor Howitt (which vary from old gas mask civil) and a few friends. They called for diving "Fathomeering" to distinguish it from jumping into the water.
1946:
Rental Costumes Cousteau-type sold in France.
Yves Le Prieur invented a new version of its breathing system. His face mask fullface was loose in his seat and acted like a large diaphragm and therefore very sensitive to a controller of claim: see Diving regulator # Demand valve.
The Cave Diving Group (CDG) was formed in Britain.
1948: Auguste Piccard sends the first bathyscaphe FNRS-2, unmanned dives.
Siebe Gorman and / or entry type Heinke Cousteau scuba diving in England. Captain Trevor Hampton had a dive with one. Siebe Gorman and the Royal Navy should be used to practice with weighted boots from the bottom up with professional diving: see Aqua-lung # "Tadpole."
Ted Eldred Australia began to develop the first open circuit assembly under the water hose single, known: see Porpoise (make of scuba gear).
Georges Beuchat in France created the first surface buoy.
1948 or 1949: Rene sporting goods store in the suits autonomous imports from California to France. Hollywood looks and turns.
1949: Otis Barton in 4500 diving record Benthoscope his feet.
1950: Cousteau-type diving art for sale (but very expensive) to industry and civilians in Britain. Siebe Gorman, which led to Chessington.
A Royal Navy diving manual printed soon after having said that diving is used to walk on the bottom with a wet suit and heavy boots weighted and does not mention Cousteau.
A report Cousteau said that only 10 fit games had been shipped to the U.S. as the market was saturated.
The camera first case called Tarzan is published by Georges Beuchat,
1951: .. The movie "The Frogmen" is published Located in the Pacific in World War II In 20 minutes, shows frogmen from the United States, using bulky 3 of diving cylinders in a combat mission. This use of the material is anachronistic (in reality, they would have used rebreathers), but shows the dive were available (though not much experience) in the United States in 1951.
1951: The U.S. Navy began to develop combinations, but not publicly known. .
1951: In December, the first number Skin Diver Magazine (USA) appears. The magazine lasted until November 2002.
SCUBA Cousteau-type will be on sale in Canada.
1952: Cousteau-type diving art for sale in the United States.
Ted Eldred Australia is starting to retail porpoise (mark diving equipment). It was the world's first commercially available unit hose individual submarine and was the precursor of most sports diving equipment produced today day.
Public interest in scuba diving takes off
1953: The Geographical Society National magazine published an article in underwater archeology Cousteau Great Congloué island near Marseille, and in countries of French-language film called Diving opens (Shipwreck) is out. That began a massive public demand for diving and snorkeling equipment and equipment from France and American officials began to dive done as fast as possible. But in Britain Siebe Gorman and Heinke kept diving expensive, and restrictions on the export of currency stopped people from their importation. Many British sport divers used home respiratory flow sets constantly upgrading and ex-military or ex-industrial. In the 1950's, regulators dive made by Siebe Gorman, at a cost of 15, which was the average salary a week.
After providing dry suit diver surplus war have been exhausted, the freestyle diving suits are not easily accessible to the general public, and therefore many divers went down with his bare skin with the exception of swimwear. So diving is often used to be called skindiving. Others have fallen into the locked house, or in thick layers of clothes.
After delivery of surplus frogman flippers fins drying war is no longer available to the public, and some have had to resort to things like paste layers plimsole marine.
Captain Trevor Hampton founded the British Underwater Centre at Dartmouth in Devon, England.
Rene Sports Shop (now owned by Spirotechnique) becomes U.S. Divers today a leading manufacturer of diving equipment.
Georges Beuchat Marseille, France fabricating and spreading the first game alone.
October 15, 1953: The BSAC was founded.
1954: The USS Nautilus, the first nuclear-powered submarine, was launched.
The first manned dives occur in the bathyscaphe FNRS-2.
The first class diving certification in the United States is provided by the County of Los Angeles Parks Department and Recreation. Program created by Albert Tillman and Bev Morgan is now known as Los Angeles County under water.
1954: United States MSA announcement (in the magazine Popular Mechanics) one to two bottles of a set of open circuit scuba-type regulator MSA.
1955: In Britain, "Mechanics of practice," the magazine published an article entitled "Making a Aqualung."
1955: Louis Malle, a young filmmaker, 23, and the film of Jacques-Yves Cousteau The world of silence, one of the first films to use the camera under water to see the depths of the ocean color.
1956: Combinations of being publicly available.
1956: # # U.S. Navy publishes tables that are submerged.
Around this time, some British divers begin to apply to regulators home diving industrial parts, including regulators Calor gas. (Since then, Calor gas regulators have been redesigned, and this conversion is impossible.)
Later, Submarine Products Ltd Hexham, Northumberland, England designed around the patent Cousteau breathing Gagnan dive and sport provides affordable cost. This forced Siebe Gorman and Heinke's prices down and began selling the sport diving trade. (Siebe Gorman gave its stamp trademark "Frogman.") Because of this increased availability of diving equipment, BSAC's policy towards rebreathers became merely "Here, dragons: keep empty and remained so for long. In the U.S., some oxygen diving clubs developed over the years. finally the Cousteau-Gagnan patents expired and any company can legally copy it.
1956: The Silent World received an Academy Award for Best Documentary Film and the Palme d'Or at Cannes.
1957: The television series Sea Hunt began. Enter diving in the audience television. It worked until 1961.
1958: USS Nautilus completed the first ever travel under the polar ice at the North Pole and back.
1958: The CMAS (World Underwater Federation) was founded in Brussels.
1959: NAUI was founded by Albert Tillman and Neal Hess.
1960: Jacques Piccard and Lieutenant Don Walsh, USN, descend to the bottom of the pit Challenger, the most famous in the sea (about 35,802 feet or miles 10900m = 6.78) in the bathyscaphe Trieste: see this link link andthis
USS Triton completed the first circumnavigation of the underwater world.
In Italy, sport diving oxygen recyclers continues being made in the 1960's.
1964: France, Georges Beuchat JetFinance create the first fin ventilated.
1965: # # Robert D. Workers Unit of the U.S. Navy Experimental Diving (NEDU) published an equation for calculating the pressure relief requirements for application in a dive computer, rather than as a pre-calculated table.
The film version of James Bond in Thunderball (using both types of open circuit scuba) is released and contributes to the popular diving.
1966: begins PADI.
1968: First known rebreather with electronic components is made: the Electrolung.
1971: Scubapro introduces the Stabilization Jacket, now in England, commonly called sheath knife, and also the buoyancy control (or pay) Device (BC or BCD).
1972: Scubapro introduces the decompression meter (the first analog computer diving).
1976: Professor A. Albert # # Bhlmann published his work in expanding the equations of diving at altitude and with a complex mixture of gases.
1983: The Orca Edge (the first electronic dive computer) is introduced.
1985: The sinking of the RMS Titanic is found. Air India Flight 182, a Boeing 747, is out of recovery and Cork Ireland, when the first large scale deep water (6,200 meters) is investigating the air crash.
1989: The Abyss (including a liquid, non-fiction still at sea at the mouth of the stage) contributes to the popular diving.
The Communist bloc fell and the Cold War has ended (see the fall of communism and the collapse of the Soviet Union) and with it the risk of future attacks including the Communist Bloc forces combat divers. After that, the armed forces of the world have less reason to recycle the application patent by civilians, and the sport of mixed diving rebreather automatic starting to appear semi-automatic. See "rebreather history" link below.
1995: BSAC allows Nitrox Diving and Nitrox training introduced.
1996: PADI Enriched Air Diver reported.
1997: The Titanic helps make underwater trips onboard MIR submersible vehicles popular.
August 1998: RMS Titanic dives occur remotely Operated Vehicle using controlled from the surface (Magellan 725). Live video broadcast first the sinking ship of the White Star is made.
1999 July: The Liberty Bell 7 Mercury spacecraft rose from 16,043 feet (4891 m) water in the Atlantic Ocean in the deep end of the commercial search and recovery to date.
December 2001: BSAC allows recycled for use in diving BSAC.
Notes
^ Fields # # If the tables decompression.
^ Arthur J. Bachrach, "History of Diving", Historical Diving Times, Iss. 21 (Spring 1998)
^ Abcdefgh Acotto, C. (1999). "A brief history of diving and decompression sickness .. Underwater Society Medicine of the South Pacific Journal 29 (2). ISSN 0813-1988. OCLC 16986801. http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/6004. Retrieved 17.03.2009.
^ abcde Historical Diving Society magazine number 45, page 37
^ Edmonds, Carlos, Lowry C, Pennefather, John. "The history of the dive.. South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society Journal 5 (2). http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/5894. Accessed on 17/03/2009.
^ Mario Theriault, Great Maritime Inventions 1833-1950, Goose Lane, 2001 46
Ab ^ quick, D. (1970). "A History of appliances closed-circuit oxygen breathing underwater. Royal Navy, Australia School of Medicine under water. RANSUM-1-70. http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/4960. Retrieved on 16/03/2009.
Butler WP ^ ab (2004). "Caisson disease during the construction of the Eads and Brooklyn Bridges: a review "submarine HYPERBASE Med 31 (4): .. 44559 PMID 15686275 Retrieved on 19/06/2008 http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/4028 …
^ Bert P. (Originally published in 1878). "Barometric Pressure: Experimental Physiology Research Translated by:. Hitchcock MA and Hitchcock FA Company College Book, 1943 ..
^ Boycott, GCC AE, Damant, JS Haldane. (1908). "Prevention of compressed air illness." J. Hygiene 8: 342443. http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/7489. Retrieved 06.08.2008.
^ Abcde Carter Jr., RC (1977). "Space interior of a pioneer in the Navy Experimental Diving Unit's First 50 Years "U.S. Navy Experimental Diving Unit Technical Report NEDU-Http 1-77: … / / Archive.rubicon-foundation.org/4799 Retrieved 04.21.2008.
^ Historical Diving Society magazine number 45, page 43
^ Vann RD (2004). "Lamberts and O2: operating principles physiology" submarine HYPERBASE Med 31 (1):. PMID 15233157 2131 http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/3987 Retrieved 16/03/2009 ….
^ Butler FK (2004). "Diving Equipment oxygen in closed circuit in the U.S. Navy. HYPERBASE Assistant Med 31 (1): 320. PMID 15233156. http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/3986. Retrieved on 16/03/2009.
Ab ^ Historical Diving Times, Issue # 44 (Summer 2008), pages 5-12
^ Fulton, HV, W. Welham, JV Dwyer, Dobbins, RF (1952). "Report Preliminary protection against cold water. U.S. Naval Experimental Diving Unit Report Technical NEDU 5-52. http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/3387. Retrieved on 21/04/2008.
^ Valentine, R. BSAC: The Club 1953-2003. BSAC. ISBN 9780953891955.
BSAC ^ abc. "Section 1.1 A brief history of the British Sub-Aqua Club." BSAC. http://www.bsac.org/page/52/11-brief-history-of-bsac.htm. Retrieved 09.05.2008.
^ "Los Angeles County Scuba" (in en-GB). LACountyScuba.com. http://www.lacountyscuba.com/. Retrieved 07.16.2009.
^ Workman, RD (1965). "Calculation of decompression schedules for nitrogen and oxygen and helium-oxygen Dives." NEDU U.S. Naval Unit Report Experimental Diving Technical and 6-65. http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/3367. Retrieved on 21/04/2008.
Bni ^ MR Schibli, p. Nussberger, Albert A. Bhlmann (1976). "Diving in the atmospheric pressure decreases: decompression tables for different altitudes the air" under investigation biomedical-3 (3 ):….. ISSN 0093-5387 OCLC 2068005 189,204 969,023 PMID http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/2750. Retrieved on 16/03/2009.
^ Allen, C (1996). "Gives the OK to BSAC Nitrox Diver reprint of 1995, 40 (5) May:. .. 35-36 waterboarding Medical Society of the Pacific Magazine South 26 (4) ISSN 0813-1988 OCLC 16986801 Http :…. / / Archive.rubicon-foundation.org/6275 Retrieved on 05/09/2008.
^ Richardson, D and Shreeve, K (1996). "The PADI Enriched Air Diver and DSAT oxygen exposure limits .. Underwater Medicine Society of South Pacific Journal 26 (3). ISSN 0813-1988. OCLC 16986801. Http: / / archive.rubicon-foundation.org/6310. Retrieved on 05/09/2008.
References
Mark Lonsdale, The evolution of diving U.S. Navy.
Other timelines history of diving (external link)
There are other timelines in the history of diving:
Diving Lore from its origins to the emergence of diving.
Recycling history
hem.passagen.se
marinebio.org
BSAC News
Rebreather Diving History
Museum of old diving equipment
Cave Diving History
Category: Technology | Underwater divingHidden Categories: Related Products From January 2009 | All articles lacking sources
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