Mediterranean Sea
Name
The term Mediterranean comes from the Latin word mediterraneus meaning "in the middle of the earth "(medius," middle "+ terra" land, earth "). This is due either to the sea surrounded by land (especially over the Atlantic Ocean) or that has been at the center of the known world. The Greek name is Mesogea (), "inland, interior" ("Half" "Earth,").
The Mediterranean Sea has been known by different names throughout human history. For example, the Romans commonly called Mare Nostrum (Latin for "Our Sea"). Sometimes known as Internum Mare (Sallust, Jug. 17).
The Bible, it was called the "Western Sea", due to its location on the west coast of the Holy Land, and therefore behind a person facing east, as mentioned in the Old Testament, and sometimes translated as "sea West "(Deut. 11:24, Joel 2:20), and the" sea of the Philistines "(Exodus 11:31 p.m.), because people who hold much of its banks near the Israelites. However, everything was known as the "Great Sea" (Numbers 34:6,7, Josh 1:4, 9:1, 15:47, Ezek 47:10,15,20 ..) or simply "The Sea "(1 Kings 5: 9; model 1 Mac 14:34, 15:11) …
In modern Hebrew, which has been called Hayam Hatikhon (), "Sea environment", a literal adaptation in German equivalent Mittelmeer. In Turkey, is known as Akdeniz, "The White Sea." In modern Arabic, is known as al-al-al-Bar Abya Mutawassi (), "The Middle White Sea." And finally, in most Islamic Arabic literature, known as al-Rom bar (), or "Roman / Byzantine sea "
History
Main article: History of the Mediterranean region
As a sea around which some of the earliest human civilizations were organized, had an important influence on the history and lifestyles of these cultures. It is always a form of trade, colonization and war, and was the basis of life (via fishing harvest and shellfish) for many communities throughout the centuries.
The combination of similar climate, internal, geology and access to a common sea has led to numerous historical and cultural links between ancient and modern societies around the Mediterranean.
Geography
A satellite image taken from the side of the Strait of Gibraltar. On the left, Europe: at right, Africa.
The Mediterranean Sea is connected to the Atlantic Ocean through the Strait of Gibraltar to the west and the Sea of Marmara and the Black Sea through the Dardanelles and the Bosporus respectively, on the east. Sea of Marmara is often considered part of the Mediterranean Sea, while the Black Sea is not general. The 163 km (101 miles) long made man Suez Canal in the south-east connects the Mediterranean to the Red Sea.
large islands of the Mediterranean include Cyprus, Crete, Euboea, Rhodes, Lesbos, Chios, Kefalonia, Corfu, Naxos and Andros, in the Mediterranean Eastern Sardinia, Corsica, Sicily, Cres, Krk, Brazil, Hvar, Pag, Korula and Malta in the central Mediterranean and Ibiza, Majorca and Menorca (Balearic Islands) Western Mediterranean.
The climate is typically Mediterranean with hot summers and dry winters mild and rainy. The cultures of the region are olives, grapes, oranges, tangerines, and cork.
Measure
The International Hydrographic Organization defines the limits of the Mediterranean Sea as follows:
Mediterranean Sea is bordered by the shores of Europe, Africa and Asia, in the Strait of Gibraltar to the west entrance of the Dardanelles and the Suez Canal to the east.
It is divided into two deep basins as follows:
West Basin
In the West. A line joining the ends of Cape Trafalgar (Spain) and Cape Spartel (Africa).
In the Northeast. The west coast of Italy. In the Strait of Messina, a line connecting the northern tip of Cape Paci (1542'E) Peloro with Cape, the eastern tip of the island Sicily. The north coast of Sicily.
In the East. A line connecting Cape Lilibeo the western tip of Sicily (3747 1222 / 37.783N 12.367E / 37,783, 12,367), through the Bank of adventure to Cape Bon (Tunisia).
Is Basin
In the West. The northern and eastern boundaries of the western basin.
In the Northeast. A line joining Kum Kale (2611'E) and Cape Helles, the west entrance of the Dardanelles.
In the southeast. Admission Suez Canal.
In the East. The coasts of Syria and Palestine.
Oceanography
Prevailing currents in June
Being close to shore on the properties of the sea Mediterranean, for instance, tides are very limited due to the connection near the Atlantic Ocean. The Mediterranean is characterized and immediately recognized for its deep blue color.
Evaporation greatly exceeds the runoff rainfall and river in the Mediterranean basin, which lies at the heart of the movement of water in the basin. Evaporation is especially high in the eastern half, causing the water level to reduce salinity and increase towards the east. This pressure gradient pushes relatively fresh water Low salinity in the Atlantic basin, heated and becomes saltier as it travels from east, then sinks in the Levant and circulates westward to affect the Strait of Gibraltar. Therefore, the flow of seawater is east in the shallow waters of the Strait, and down to the west, once in the Atlantic is chemically distinct Mediterranean Intermediate Water "May persist for thousands of miles from their source.
neighbors
Map Mediterranean Sea.
Twenty-one modern states have a coastline on the Mediterranean Sea. They are:
Europe (from west to east): Spain, France, Monaco, Italy, Malta, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Montenegro, Albania, Greece and Turkey
Asia (from north to south): Turkey, Cyprus, Syria, Lebanon, Israel
Africa (from east to west): Egypt, Libya, Tunisia, Algeria and Morocco
Turkey and Egypt are countries transcontinental. The islands of southern Italy, the Pelagie islands are geologically part of Africa.
More other territories also border the Mediterranean Sea (from west to east):
The British territory overseas Gibraltar
The Spanish enclaves of Ceuta and Melilla and nearby islands
British zone sovereignty Akrotiri and Dhekelia
Gaza in the Palestinian territories
Andorra Jordan, Portugal, San Marino, Vatican City, Macedonia and Serbia, even if they are not bordering the sea, are often considered as countries Mediterranean in a broad sense, because of its Mediterranean climate, fauna and flora, and / or cultural affinity with other Mediterranean countries.
Cities, capitals of sovereign countries and cities with a population of over 200,000 people along the Mediterranean Sea are Malaga, Cartagena, Alicante, Valencia, Palma de Mallorca, Barcelona, Marseille, Nice, Monaco, Genoa, Rome, Naples, Palermo, Catania, Messina, Valletta, Taranto Bari, Venice, Trieste, Ljubljana, Split, Durres, Patras, Athens, Thessaloniki, Istanbul, Izmir, Antalya, Mersin, Tarsus, Adana, Latakia, Tripoli (Lebanon) Beirut, Haifa, Tel Aviv, Ashdod, Gaza, Port Said, Damietta, Alexandria, Benghazi, Tripoli (Libya), Sfax, Tunisia, Annaba, Algiers and Oran.
Subdivisions
According to the International Hydrographic Organization (IHO), the Mediterranean Sea is subdivided into a series small water bodies, each with its own designation (from west to east):
Burjeslam Beach, Lattakia, Syria.
A view of Raouche off the coast of Beirut, Lebanon.
A view across the ldeniz, Turkey.
The island of Mljet, Croatia.
Darnah rocky coast of Libya.
Ksamil islands in Saranda, Albania.
The Mediterranean coast of Israel.
Sunrise and precipitation over the Mediterranean, seen from the seawall of the city of Loutra (population 63) on the island Greek Kythnos.
Europa Point, Gibraltar (UK)
Strait of Gibraltar;
the Alboran Sea between Spain and Morocco;
the Balearic Sea, between mainland Spain and the Islands Balearic Islands;
the Ligurian Sea between Corsica and Liguria (Italy);
surrounded by Tyrrhenian Sea Sardinia Sea, mainland Italy and Sicily;
the Ionian Sea between Italy, Albania and Greece;
Adriatic Sea between Italy, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Montenegro and Albania;
the Aegean Sea between Greece and Turkey.
Other seas
Although not recognized by the IHO treaties, there are other seas, which names have been widely used since ancient times, or:
Catalan Sea, between Iberia and the Balearic Islands, as part of the Balearic Sea
Sea Sardinia, between Sardinia and the Balearic Islands, as part of the Balearic Sea
Sea of Sicily, between Sicily and Tunisia
the Libyan Sea between Libya and Crete
In the Aegean
Thracian Sea in the north
Myrto sea between the Cyclades and the Peloponnese
northern Cretan Sea of Crete
Sea between Turkey and Cyprus, Cilicia
Other features
Many of these smaller seas role in myth and folklore and get their names from these associations. In addition to the sea, a number of gulfs and straits are also recognized:
St. George Bay in Beirut, Lebanon
Strait of Gibraltar connects the Atlantic Ocean to the Mediterranean Sea and separates Spain from Morocco
Gibraltar Bay at the southern tip of the Iberian Peninsula
the Gulf of Corinth, an enclosed sea between the Ionian Sea and the Corinth Canal
Pagasetic Gulf, Gulf of Volos, in the southern Gulf of Thessaloniki, formed by the peninsula of Mount Pelion
Saronic Gulf to Athens and Corinth Canal Mirta Wed
the Gulf of Salonika, Gulf of Salonica, located in the northern Greek Macedonia
Gulf of Kvarner, Croatia
the Gulf of Lion, south of France
the Gulf of Valencia, eastern Spain
Detroit Messina, between Sicily and the tip of Italy
the Gulf of Genoa, Italy Northwest
the Gulf of Venice, northern Italy
the Gulf of Trieste, northern Italy
the Gulf of Taranto, Italy South
the Gulf of Salerno, southwestern Italy
the Gulf of Gaeta, southern of Italy
the Gulf of Squillace, southern Italy
Strait of Otranto between Italy and Albania
the Gulf of Haifa, between Haifa and Acre, Israel
the Gulf of Sidra, between Tunisia and Cyrenaica (eastern Libya)
the Strait of Sicily, between Sicily and Tunisia
Corsica Channel between Corsica and Italy
Strait of Bonifacio, between Sardinia and Corsica
Gulf skenderun between skenderun and Adana (Turkey)
the Gulf of Antalya, between west and east shores of Antalya (Turkey)
Bay of Kotor in Montenegro southwestern and south-eastern Croatia
Malta Channel, between Sicily and Malta
Geology
This article does not cite any or its sources.
Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. material Reference may be challenged and removed. (August 2009)
The geological history of the Mediterranean is complex. Has been involved in the collision tectonic break and then the African and Eurasian plates. The Messinian salinity crisis occurred in the late Miocene (12 million years to 5 million years ago) when the Mediterranean dried up. Geologically the Mediterranean based on oceanic crust.
The Mediterranean Sea has an average depth of 1500 meters (4920 feet) and saved the point is 5.267 meters (about 3.27 miles) deep in the Ionian Sea Calypso. The coastline stretches over 46,000 kilometers (28.600 miles). A small submarine ridge deep (the Strait of Sicily) between Sicily and the coast of Tunisia divides the sea in two main subregions (which in turn are divided into subdivisions), the Mediterranean, Mediterranean Western and Eastern Europe. The Western Mediterranean covers an area of about 0,850,000 kilometers (0.33 million square miles) and the Eastern Mediterranean about 1.65 million kilometers (0.64 million square miles).
tectonics
The geodynamic evolution the Mediterranean has been provided by the convergence of African and European plates. This process was driven by the differential scattering along Atlantic Ridge, which led to the closure of the Tethys and eventually to the Alpine orogeny. However, the Mediterranean also hosts scale extensional basins and migrating tectonic arcs, in response to the land of closed configuration.
According to a report published in Nature in 2009, scientists believe that the Mediterranean Sea filled especially during a period of less than two years, a large flood (flood Zancle) spent about 5.33 million years ago, in which water discharged into the Atlantic Ocean and the Strait of Gibraltar at a rate three times the current flow of the Amazon River.
Eastern Mediterranean
The middle Miocene, the collision between the Arabian microplate and Eurasia led to the separation between the Tethys and the Indian Ocean. This process led to profound changes in ocean circulation patterns, which changed the global climate to cold conditions. The Hellenic Arc, which has a configuration Landlocked, underwent a widespread extension of the past 20 million years because of the withdrawal process of the slab. In addition, the Hellenic Arc has experienced a phase of rapid rotation during the Pleistocene, with a component on the left in the east and a trend toward the right in the segment of the West.
Central Mediterranean
The opening of small oceanic basins in the central Mediterranean follows a subsequent migration trench and opening process of the arc that occurred over the past 30 million years. This phase is characterized by the counterclockwise rotation Corsica-Sardinia block, which lasted until Langhian (ca.16 Ma), and was in turn followed by a landslide slab along the northern edge of Africa. Subsequently, a change of this strain extentional assets led to the opening of the Tyrrhenian basin.
Mediterranean Western
Since the Tertiary Mesozoic, during convergence between Africa and the Iberian Peninsula, the Betic-Rif mountain ranges developed. Tectonic models of evolution are rapid movements of the Alboran microplate, area subduction and the collapse of radial expansion caused by the removal of lithospheric mantle convection. The development of these Betic intermontane And Rif basins led to the emergence of two bridges Marines who have been progressively closed during the late Miocene by a set of phenomena tectonic and glacio-eustatic.
Palaeoenvironmental analysis
Its configuration semi-enclosed makes critical ocean gateways in the control of movement and change the environment in the Mediterranean Sea. circulation patterns of water are driven by a series of interrelated factors such as climate and bathymetry, which can lead to precipitation of evaporites. During the Miocene epoch, the so-called "Messinian salinity crisis (MSC hereafter) occurred, which was caused by closing the door of the Atlantic. Evaporites accumulated in the Red Sea basin (Late Miocene) in the foredeep of Carpathians (Middle Miocene) and the entire Mediterranean (Messina). age estimate accurate astronomical recently MSC5.96 Maas also managed this event seems to have occurred synchronously. The beginning of the MSC is supposed to have been of tectonic origin, but control astronomical (eccentricity) might also be involved. In the Mediterranean basin, are regularly diatomite deposits below evaporites, which suggests (obviously not now) a link between its genesis.
Gateway Atlantic today, ie the Strait of Gibraltar, has its origins in the early Pliocene. However, two connections between the ocean Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea existed in the past: the Betic Corridor (southern Spain) and Rif Corridor (northern Morocco). The first closure Tortonian time, thus providing a "Tortonian salinity crisis" long before the MSC, the latter closed about 6 Ma, which allows the exchange of fauna mammals between Africa and Europe. Nowadays, evaporation is more relevant than the production of water supplied by water rivers and rainfall, so that the salinity of the Mediterranean is higher than in the Atlantic. These conditions resulted in the start of warm saline Mediterranean deep water across Gibraltar, which in turn is offset by an influx of less saline surface current of cold ocean waters.
The Mediterranean has been estimated that the rest of the Tethys Ocean. Now known to be a structurally younger ocean basin known as Neotethys. The Neotethys formed during the late Triassic and Jurassic displacement of African and Eurasian plates.
Paleoclimate
Because of its position in latitude and configuration landlocked, the Mediterranean is especially sensitive to astronomically induced climatic variations, which are well documented in its sedimentary record. Since the Mediterranean is involved in the deposition of aeolian dust Sahara during dry periods, while that the residents of detrital input prevails during the rain, the Mediterranean marine sapropel sequences provide support high-resolution data climate. These data were used in reconstructing astronomically calibrated time scales for the last 9 Ma of Earth history, helping to limit the time of the last geomagnetic reversal. In addition, the exceptional accuracy of these paleoclimatic records improved our knowledge of orbital variations of Earth in the past.
Ecology and biota
Turqueta beach on the Spanish island of Menorca.
Following the desiccation of the sea during the Messinian salinity crisis, marine biota in the Mediterranean are derived primarily from the Atlantic Sea North Atlantic is much colder and more nutrient-rich The Mediterranean and Mediterranean marine life has had to adapt to different conditions over the past five million years since the catchment was flooded again.
The Alboran Sea is a transition zone between the two seas, which contain a mixture of Mediterranean and Atlantic species. The Alboran Sea has the largest population of dolphins in the western Mediterranean, is home to the last population of harbor porpoises in the Mediterranean and the food is the most important loggerhead in Europe. Alboran sea also hosts important commercial fisheries, including sardines and swordfish. In 2003, the Global Nature expressed concern about the widespread offshore Net endangering populations of dolphins, turtles and other marine animals.
See also: Specially Protected Areas of Importance Mediterranean
Environmental threats
Biodiversity
Invasive species
The opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 created the first stage of seawater between the Mediterranean and the Red Sea. The Red Sea is higher than the Eastern Mediterranean, so that the channel serves as a tidal strait that pours Red Sea water in the Mediterranean. The Bitter Lakes, which are natural lakes hyper-saline, which are part of the canal, blocked the migration of species from the Red Sea in the Mediterranean for many decades, but as the salinity of lakes gradually equalized with that of the Red Sea, the barrier to migration was removed, and plants and animals from the Red Sea have begun to colonize the eastern Mediterranean. The Red Sea is generally saltier and more nutrient-poor that the Atlantic Ocean to the Red Sea species have advantages over Atlantic species in the salty and nutrient poor nutrients for the Eastern Mediterranean. Accordingly, Red Sea species invade the Mediterranean biota and not vice versa, this phenomenon is known under the name Lessepsian migration (after Ferdinand de Lesseps, French engineer) or the Eritrean invasion. Construction of Aswan Dam on the Nile in the 1960s reduced the inflow of freshwater and sediments rich in nutrients from the Nile to the eastern Mediterranean, conditions which are no more to the Red Sea and worsening the effects of invasive species.
Invasive species have become an important component of the Mediterranean ecosystem and have serious impacts on Mediterranean ecology, putting endangered species endemic to many local and Mediterranean. A first look at groups of alien species, over 70% of decapod non-indigenous and about 63% of these exotic fish in the Mediterranean Indo-Pacific are entering the Mediterranean through the Suez Canal. This makes the channel as the primary means of arrival cash charge in the Mediterranean. The impacts of some species were found to be lessepsian important, mainly in the Mediterranean Levant, where they replace native species and become FAMILY sight.
According to the International Union for Conservation of the definition and nature and are outside their normal area of distribution that the Indo-Pacific. When these species manage to establish populations in the Mediterranean Sea competition and begin to replace the native species are invasive assessment species because they are an agent of change and a threat to native biodiversity. In terms of impact, lessepsian migrants are either alien species Invasive or exotic. In the context of the CBD, the background "means the movement of human action directly or indirectly, of an alien species outside its natural range (past or present). The Suez Canal, an artificial channel (man), is a human action. Migrants therefore lessepsian ntroduce species (indirect and unintentional). Whatever the language of your choice, they represent a threat to native biodiversity of the Mediterranean they are not natives of this sea in recent years, the Egyptian government announced its intention to deepen and widen the canal have concerns marine biologists, fearing that such an act will only worsen the invasion of species from the Red Sea into the Mediterranean, crossing Channel other species.
Arrival of new tropical Atlantic
In recent decades, the arrival of exotic species in the tropical Atlantic has become an important feature. Whether this reflects expansion of natural range of these species now enter the Mediterranean through the Strait of Gibraltar, due to the warming trend waters caused by global warming, or an extension of maritime traffic, or simply the result of more intense scientific research, is still a open question. Although not as intense as the essepsian movement, the process should be studied and controlled.
rising sea level
Can Europe be less threatened by rising levels that many regions of developing countries. However, coastal ecosystems appear to be threatened, especially inland seas like the Baltic Mediterranean and Black Sea. These waters have only small movement corridors mainly east-west, which may limit the northward movement of organisms in these areas. rising sea level for the next century (2100) could be between 30 and 100 cm and temperature changes of only 0.05 0.1C in deep water are sufficient to induce changes in species richness and functional diversity.
Pollution
Pollution in this region has been strong in recent years. The United Nations Programme for Environment said that 650 million tons of sewage, 129,000 tons of mineral oil, 60,000 tons of mercury, 3,800 tons of lead and 36,000 tons of phosphate released in the Mediterranean each year. The Barcelona Convention aims to "reduce pollution in the Mediterranean Sea and to protect and improve the environment marine environment in the region, thus contributing to sustainable development. "
Many marine species have been virtually eliminated because the pollution of the sea One of them is the Mediterranean monk seal, which is considered one of the most endangered marine mammals in the world.
The Mediterranean is also affected by marine debris. A study the 1994 bottom trawl nets used in the coasts of Spain, France and Italy have reported a concentration for example waste high average an average of 1,935 dots per square kilometer. The plastic waste accounted for 76%, 94% of plastic bags.
Shipping
Some of the busiest roads in the world of transmission in the Mediterranean Sea. An estimated 220,000 merchant ships over 100 tonnes in the Mediterranean Sea each year, about one third of the world merchant fleet. These ships often carry dangerous cargo, which if lost would cause serious harm to the marine environment.
The release of chemicals from oil tanks washing and waste are also a major source of marine pollution. The Mediterranean Sea is 0.7 percent of surface water throughout the world yet received seventeen percent of the global marine oil pollution. It is estimated that each year between 100,000 and 150,000 tonnes of crude oil was deliberately introduced in the sea of maritime transport activities.
About 370 million tons of oil are transported annually in the Mediterranean Sea (Over 20 percent of world total), with about 250 to 300 tankers crossing the sea every day. oil spills often occur with average of 10 spills per year. An oil spill could happen anytime, anywhere in the Mediterranean.
Tourism
With a unique combination of good weather, beautiful coastline, rich history and cultural diversity of the Mediterranean region is the most popular tourist destination in the world – attracting about a third of international tourists worldwide.
Tourism is one of the most important sources of income for many Mediterranean countries. It also supports small communities in coastal areas and islands by providing alternative sources of income sources outside of urban centers. However, tourism has played an important role in the degradation of the environment coastal and marine environment. Rapid development has been encouraged by the governments of the Mediterranean to support the large number of tourists visiting the region each year. But what has caused serious disturbance to marine habitats, such as erosion and pollution in many places along the Mediterranean coast.
Tourism often concentrated in areas of natural high, causing a serious threat to species' habitats Mediterranean as sea turtles and endangered monk seals. It is ironic that tourism in this region is to destroy the foundations of their existence. It is inevitable that the tourists leave the Mediterranean, it becomes depleted of its natural beauty.
Overfishing
levels of fish stocks in the Mediterranean Sea, is extremely low. The European Agency Environment indicates that over 65 percent of all stocks in the region are outside safe biological limits and the United Nations UN Food and Agriculture, some of the most important fisheries, such as albacore and bluefin tuna, hake, swordfish, swordfish, red mullet and sea bream – are threatened.
There are clear indications that the size of catches and the quality has declined dramatically, and in many areas the larger species live longer and have disappeared from commercial catches.
Large fish such as tuna in open water were part of fishing for thousands of years, but supplies are dangerously low. In 1999, Greenpeace published a report revealing that the amount of bluefin tuna in the Mediterranean has fallen by over 80 per cent over the past 20 years, and scientists Government warn that without immediate action by the stock will collapse.
Aquaculture
Aquaculture is expanding – often without adequate evaluation of the environment and currently represents 30% of fish protein consumed worldwide. The industry argues that fish farming reduces pressure on wild fish stocks, however, many species of farmed are carnivorous, consume up to five times its weight in wild fish.
coastal areas of the Mediterranean are already at risk from human influence, with pristine increasingly rare. The aquaculture sector adds to this pressure, the areas that require a high quality water for farms. Aquaculture facility near sensitive habitats and important seagrass beds is particularly concern.
Mediterranean aquaculture production threatens biodiversity by introducing new species for the region, the impact of organic manure and chemical environment destruction of coastal habitats.
See also
Mediterranean
Mediterranean climate
The Mediterranean diet
Mediterranean forests, forests and shrublands
Mediterranean Games
Mediterranean race
Mediterranean Sea (oceanography)
Union for the Mediterranean
Familial Mediterranean fever
History of the Mediterranean
Holy League (Mediterranean)
Interior Sea, which is sometimes called the Japanese Mediterranean Sea
List of islands of the Mediterranean
List of Mediterranean countries
Suez Canal
Babelmed, the site of the Mediterranean cultures
Piri Reis, the first maps of the Mediterranean
Euro-Mediterranean Assembly Parliamentary
References
^ Http: / / www.ifremer.fr / lobtln / OTHER / ext_abstr_East_Sea_workshop_TLM.pdf
^ Http: / / ec.europa.eu/research/headlines/news/article_09_03_19_en.html
^ Friedrich Georg Wilhelm Hegel Philosophy of History, p. 87 Dover Publications, Inc., 1956 ISBN 0486201120, 1st ed. 1899
Entry ^ Liddell & Scott
^ Ab "Limits of Oceans and Seas, 3rd edition." International Hydrographic Organization. 1953. http://www.iho-ohi.net/iho_pubs/standard/S-23/S23_1953.pdf. Retrieved on February 7, 2010.
^ Pinet, Paul R. (1996), Invitation to Oceanography (3rd ed.), St. Paul, MN: West Publishing Co., p. 202, ISBN 0314063390.
1996 ^ Pinet, p. 206.
^ Pinet 1996, pp 206 207.
1996 ^ Pinet, p. 207.
^. For example, Germany, Andorra, San Marino and Serbia are members of the International Mediterranean Games Committee and participate in the Mediterranean Games.
^ Mediterranean completed in less than two years: study AFP, December 9, 2009
Hilger ^ FJ. Astronomical calibration Gauss Matuyama sapropels in the Mediterranean and implication of the time scale of geomagnetic polarity, 104 (1991) 226-244 Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 1991.
^ Hsu KJ, "When the Mediterranean dried up" Scientific American, Vol. 227, December 1972, p32
^ "IUCN Guidelines for the Prevention of Biodiversity Loss caused by invasive alien species "from the Union. Nature Conservation International. 2000. http://www.issg.org/infpaper_invasive.pdf. Retrieved 11/08/2009.
^ Galil, BS and Zenetes, A. (2002). A radical species into the Eastern Mediterranean, in: Leppkoski, E. et al. (2002). Invasive aquatic species of Europe: distribution, impacts and management. pp 325-336.
^ Nicholls, RJ, Klein, RJT (2005). Climate change and coastal management of the coast of Europe, in: Vermaat, JE et al. (Ed.) (2005). Managing European coasts: past, present and future. pp 199-226.
Abc ^ http://www.greenpeace.org/international/campaigns/oceans/marine-reserves/the-mediterranean/mediterranean-other-threats
^ Http: / / www.explorecrete.com / nature / mediterranean.html
^ Http: / / europa.eu/scadplus/leg/en/lvb/l28084.htm
^ Http: / / www.monachus-guardian.org/factfiles/medit01.htm
^ "The debris Marine: An overview of the analysis "of the United Nations Environment Programme 2005 Http: … / / Www.unep.org / regionalseas / marinelitter / publications / Docs / anl_oview.pdf Retrieved. 08/01/2008.
External Links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: the Mediterranean
Greenpeace campaign "Defending Our Mediterranean": threats, solutions and demand for photos
Planblue – Environment and Development in the Mediterranean region
Finding Nino by Marc Llewellyn – winner ASTW Travel Book of the Year, on the Mediterranean meet, and become a farmer.
Mediterranean ship traffic in real time.
Links to related articles
EV
Countries and territories bordering the Mediterranean
Albania, Algeria, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Cyprus, Gibraltar, France, Israel, Egypt, Greece, Italy, Libya, Lebanon, Malta, Monaco, Montenegro, Morocco, Palestinian Authority, Syria, Slovenia Spain Tunisia Turkey Akrotiri / Dhekelia
EV
Land of the seas
Arctic Ocean
Amundsen Gulf Baffin Bay Barents Sea Beaufort Sea Bering Sea Chukchi Sea, eastern Siberia, Greenland, Hudson Bay James Laptev Sea Kara Sea Kara Bay Sea Lincoln Sea Strait Prince Gustav Adolf March Pechora sea sea white
Atlantic Ocean
Adriatic Sea Aegean Sea Alboran Sea Balearic Sea coast in the Bay of the Baltic Sea Bay of Bothnia Gulf of Biscay Bay of Campeche Botnia Black Sea Fundy sea sea Caribbean Celtic Central Chesapeake Bay Baltic Sea, Davis Strait Denmark Strait English Channel Gulf of Bothnia Gulf of Finland Gulf Gulf of Guinea Gulf of Sidra Gulf of St. Lawrence Gulf of Venezuela Irish Ionian Sea Labrador Sea Ligurian Sea Marmara Sea Mediterranean Sea North Sea Myrto the Sargasso Sea, Norwegian Sea Sea Sea of Azov Sea of Crete Sea of Thrace March Hebrides Tirreno
The ocean Indian
Andaman Sea Arabian Sea Bay of Bengal Gulf of Aden, Gulf of Gulf of Aqaba Gulf of Cambay Gulf of Kutch Gulf Oman Suez Canal Lakshadweep Mozambique Red Sea Persian Gulf Bay Palk Strait of Malacca, Timor Sea Ocean
Pacific Ocean
Arafura Sea Bering Sea Bismarck Sea Banda Sea, the Bohai Sea Bohol Wed camotes Celebes Sea Ceram Wed Tues, March, Chile Coral Sea East China Sea, Flores Sea, Gulf of Gulf of Alaska Gulf of California, Gulf of Carpentaria Thailand Halmahera Java Sea sea sea Koro Maluku sea Sea of the Philippines sea sea Savu Sea of Japan / Seto Inland Sea, East Sea of Sibuyan Sea Solomon Sea of Okhotsk South China Sea Sulu Sea Tasman Sea Visayan Sea Yellow Sea
The Southern Ocean
Amundsen Sea Bellingshausen Bass Wed Sea Davis Strait Great Basin of Australia Gulf St Vincent sea the sea Ross Spencer Gulf Scotia Weddell Sea
Wed landlocked
The Aral Sea Caspian Lagos Melrhir Wed Chott Dead Sea Great Salt Lake Great Lake Issyk Kul Lake Chilwa Lake Balkhash Lake Turkana Lake Chad Lake Urmia Lake Sevan Van Namtso Pyramid Tonle Sap Lake Qinghai Salton Sea
EV
Regions World
Africa
North (Maghreb) in sub-Saharan Africa (Central
West South-East (Horn))
Oceania
Oceania Micronesia Melanesia Polynesia
Americas
Del Norte (Caribbean Middle North Central) South (Southern Cone) Anglo Latin
Polar
Arctic Antarctica
Asia
Central East (North) North West South East
Oceans
Indian Atlantic world from the Arctic South Pacific
Europe
East North Central South West South East
See also the continents of the world
Categories: Mediterranean | Marine Ecoregions | Natural history of Europe | European seasHidden categories: Articles linked from August 2009 | All articles need references
About the Author
I am an expert from China Manufacturers, usually analyzes all kind of industries situation, such as carbon monoxide detector reviews , wireless window sensors.
“Monkey-faced eel fishing” in Northern California.
